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https://www.britannica.com/technology/tunnel/Tunneling-techniques
Basic tunneling system Geologic investigation. Thorough geologic analysis is essential in order to assess... Excavation and materials handling. Excavation of the ground within the tunnel bore may be... Ground support. The dominant factor in all phases of the tunneling system is the extent... ...
https://theconstructor.org/construction/tunnel-construction-methods/17167/
The cutting can be done by two methods. One is bottom up method in which a tunnel is excavated under the surface using ground support. Another method is top-down method in which side support walls are constructed first by slurry walling method or contiguous bored piling. Then roof is located on the top of the walls and excavation is carried out.
https://civildigital.com/complete-list-different-methods-tunnel-construction-principal-tunneling-types/
Very soft ground tunnels when excavated sequentially by small drifts and openings, it is known as New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM). Immersed Tunnels. Immersed tunnels usually consist of very large pre-cast concrete or concrete filled steel tunnel elements which are fabricated in the land and later installed under water. After installation, these tunnels are backfilled.
https://science.howstuffworks.com/engineering/structural/tunnel3.htm
Workers generally use two basic techniques to advance a tunnel. In the full-face method, they excavate the entire diameter of the tunnel at the same time. This is most suitable for tunnels passing through strong ground or for building smaller tunnels. The second technique, shown in the diagram below, is the top-heading-and-bench method.
https://nrmt.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/ecg533-rock-excavation-and-support-system.pdf
When NATM is seen as a construction method, the key features are: The tunnel is sequentially excavated and supported, and the excavation sequences can be varied. The initial ground support is provided by shotcrete in combination with fibre or welded-wire fabric reinforcement, steel arches …
https://www.dsiunderground.com/our-markets/tunneling/
As a complete and proven system supplier, our solutions cover both excavation and ground support systems including self-drilling products, the innovative AT–Pipe Umbrella System and injection chemicals. Supported by a dedicated team of tunneling engineers, we can solve every application challenge, whatever the ground conditions.
https://www.slideshare.net/RajatYadav18/tunnelling-methods-71012559
Jan 14, 2017 · Soil classification Soft soil classification Challenges in tunneling Methods of tunneling in soft soil 3. Methods adopted for tunneling may vary with soil present in the construction site. Soil present on site can be classified as : 1. Soft soil , which requires temporary support during …
http://www.p3planningengineer.com/productivity/tunneling/tunneling.htm
tunnel boring machine (tbm) method There are two major shield methods around: earth pressure balanced (EPB) and slurry type shield machine. Selection of shield method depends on ground conditions, surface conditions, dimensions of the tunnel section, boring distance, tunnel alignment and construction period.
https://www.britannica.com/technology/tunnel
True tunnels and chambers are excavated from the inside—with the overlying material left in place—and then lined as necessary to support the adjacent ground. A hillside tunnel entrance is called a portal ; tunnels may also be started from the bottom of a vertical shaft or from the end of a horizontal tunnel driven principally for construction access and called an adit .
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