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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel
A major tunnel project must start with a comprehensive investigation of ground conditions by collecting samples from boreholes and by other geophysical techniques. An informed choice can then be made of machinery and methods for excavation and ground support, which will reduce the risk of encountering unforeseen ground conditions.
http://www.daub-ita.de/fileadmin/documents/daub/gtcrec1/gtcrec10.pdf
Face Support Pressure Calculations for Shield Tunnelling in Soft Ground Version 10/2016 page 6 of 64 List of Variables A [m2] Cross-sectional area of the silo AA [m2] Area AA BB [m2] Area BB b [m] Length the silo c [kN/m2] Cohesion ′1 [kN/m2] Average characteristic cohesion in overburden area ′2 [kN/m2] Average characteristic cohesion in tunnel face area
https://www.trenchlesspedia.com/definition/3487/tunnel-face
In tunnel construction, the tunnel face is defined as the inside working face or the shaft bottom of an excavation from which boring is carried out. During the boring operation, soil is removed from the tunnel face to further advance the tunnel being constructed.
https://nyuscholars.nyu.edu/en/publications/tunnel-face-support-pressure-and-associated-risk
TY - GEN. T1 - Tunnel face support pressure and associated risk. AU - Ahmed, Mahmoud. AU - Iskander, Magued. PY - 2011. Y1 - 2011. N2 - Prediction of ground movements and risk assessment of damage to adjacent buildings and utilities have become an essential part of the success of tunneling projects in urban environments.Cited by: 1
https://www.herrenknecht.com/en/products/productdetail/partial-face-excavation-machine/
Partial-face Excavation Machines are open tunnelling shields that do not have a closed system for pressure balance at the tunnel face to provide soil and groundwater support. Therefore, various mechanical methods are used to ensure adequate support and to protect the machine against groundwater inflow.
https://tunneltalk.com/TunnelTECH-March2017-Breakers-breading-into-the-underground.php
Apr 27, 2017 · Breaking bad underground 27 Apr 2017. ... Brokk breaker units working a rock tunnel face. ... The fibreglass tubes had to provide support for at least a further 8m of tunnel advance and were drilled a total length of 20-21m. Using a Sandvik and Atlas Copco drilling jumbos, and drilling small 76mm drill bits, presented a real challenge to the ...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0266352X1930285X
1. Introduction. In conventional tunnelling, there is always an unsupported span between the tunnel face and the primary support because it can only be installed after the completion of the excavation step .In addition, the round length R L (i.e., the length of an unsupported span) has an obvious effect not only on the stability of the tunnel face and the unsupported span but also on the costs ...Author: Xiao Zhang, Mingnian Wang, Jiawang Li, Zhilong Wang, Jianjun Tong, Dagang Liu
https://www.herrenknecht.com/en/products/productdetail/avn-machine/
Highest tunneling safety due to hydraulic tunnel face support; Ideal technology for tunneling in the non-man-entry diameter range (microtunnelling) Precise control even with small radii in vertical and horizontal curves; Very long pipe jacking stretches of more than 1,000 m …
https://www.britannica.com/technology/tunnel/Tunneling-techniques
Because stand-up time drops rapidly as size of the opening increases, the full-face method of advance (Figure 1, centre), in which the entire diameter of the tunnel is excavated at one time, it is most suitable for strong ground or for smaller tunnels.The effect of weak ground can be offset by decreasing the size of opening initially mined and supported, as in the top heading and bench method ...
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