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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel
A tunnel is an underground passageway, dug through the surrounding soil/earth/rock and enclosed except for entrance and exit, commonly at each end. A pipeline is not a tunnel, though some recent tunnels have used immersed tube construction techniques rather than traditional tunnel boring methods.. A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic, for rail traffic, or for a canal.
https://theconstructor.org/construction/tunnel-construction-methods/17167/
Cut and Cover Method of Tunnel Construction. Cut and cover method of tunnel construction is generally used to build shallow tunnels. In this method, a trench is cut in the soil and it is covered by some support which can be capable of bearing load on it. The cutting can be done by two methods.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0266352X19300059
The required support pressure for stability of a tunnel advanced in soil below water table with the inclusion of seepage forces in the analysis are found to be significantly higher than that advanced in dry soil. • For a given cover of the tunnel, the magnitude of required support pressure is found to be continuously increasing with increase ...Cited by: 3
http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/hrr/1970/339/339-003.pdf
MODERN CONCEPTS OF THE DESIGN OF TUNNEL SUPPORT SYSTEMS During excavation, most of the existing stresses in the ground are redistributed around the opening by mobilization of the strength of the soil or rock. The redistribu tion is often described as …
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2000/edb198251a2fc550f0091b9d02e3f308f8e4.pdf
and support design of Joberget soil tunnel, based on empirical and numerical methods. Empirical studies of Joberget soil tunnel include a study of experiences with soil tunneling and a rock mass classification based on the Q- and RMR-system. The importance of additional support in soil tunneling is due to instability of tunnel face, unsupported ...
https://antraquip.net/tunnel-support-system
The overall result is a tunnel lining that significantly reduces ground settlement and prevents the ingress of water. Lattice Girder Details. Bars, Stiffeners & Spiders For these important load components a special steel is used. It was developed for the demanding requirements which exist in tunnel construction.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0266352X19302290
Due to the extreme high cohesion in this parameter set (200 kN/m 2), even without support pressure after soil excavation, it is impossible to have 0.5% tunnel volume loss using Beta method. However, in CF method where soil body around the tunnel is forced to deform, …Author: Chenyang Zhao, Chenyang Zhao, Christoph Schmüdderich, Thomas Barciaga, Lars Röchter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnelling_shield
A tunnelling shield is a protective structure used during the excavation of large, man-made tunnels. When excavating through ground that is soft, liquid, or otherwise unstable, there is a health and safety hazard to workers and the project itself from falling materials and/or a cave-in. A tunnelling shield functions as a temporary support ...
https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/md/soils/?cid=nrcs144p2_025724
The Soil Tunnel is an innovative way to promote environmental education for first, second and third graders. Through an interactive, hands-on, three-dimensional soils exhibit, children can view the world below the ground surface by crawling through the Tunnel.
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