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https://www.dsitunneling.com/products/underground-construction/support-systems/liner-plates/
DSI Underground's selection of underground supports, the widest in the world, affords the contractor, the designer, and the owner a matchless combination of high performance and tunneling at low cost. One of these products alone - liner plates - offers these outstanding advantages: Economy of construction in time, excavation, material, manpower.
https://theconstructor.org/building/types-excavation-supports-earth-retaining-structures/17370/
Sometimes this excavation bracings or rakers may disturbs the field operations. To overcome this, tie back system is developed. In this case, tie back bars or anchor bars are installed in the soil cut that is behind the excavation support. So, these tie backs holds the excavation supports and they are grouted to the rock below the ground.Author: Sadanandam Anupoju
https://www.rocscience.com/assets/resources/learning/hoek/Support-in-Underground-Hard-Rock-Mines.pdf
support. If possible, the installation of rock support should be carried out as an integral part of the excavation cycle to enhance the self -supporting aspects of rock mass improvement. Rock support The choice of the type of support installed in a particular underground excavation
https://www.mirarco.org/wp-content/uploads/mirarco_books/Support_of_Underground_Excavations_in_Hard_Rock.pdf
‘Support of Underground Excavations in Hard Rock’ is the most complete and up-to-date manual for use in the design of excavations and support mechanisms for underground mines. This work resulted from close collaboration between industry and university in the …
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280689487_Productive_Underground_Excavation_Support_System_using_Tubular_Section
Productive Underground Excavation Support System using Tubular Section Conference Paper (PDF Available) · November 2015 with 369 Reads How we measure 'reads'
https://nrmt.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/ecg533-rock-excavation-and-support-system.pdf
The permanent support is usually (but not always) a cast-in-place concrete lining. The NATM integrates the principles of the behaviour of rock masses under load and monitoring the performance of underground construction during construction. The NATM is not a set of specific excavation and support
http://courses.washington.edu/cm420/Lesson5.pdf
Excavation Support Methods Excavation support systems are used to minimize the excavation area, to keep the sides of deep excavations stable, and to ensure that movements will not cause damage to neighboring structures or to utilities in the surrounding ground. In this lesson we will discuss soldier beam and lagging and soil nailing systems.
https://www.britannica.com/technology/tunnel
Tunnels and underground excavations, horizontal underground passageway produced by excavation or occasionally by nature’s action in dissolving a soluble rock, such as limestone.A vertical opening is usually called a shaft.Tunnels have many uses: for mining ores, for transportation—including road vehicles, trains, subways, and canals—and for conducting water and sewage.
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