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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228695379_Selecting_efficient_support_methods_for_tunnels
The Selection of efficient support methods for tunnelling is very important to reduce problems during construction and maintain project cost and time within the project budget and the planned ...
https://theconstructor.org/construction/tunnel-construction-methods/17167/
The cutting can be done by two methods. One is bottom up method in which a tunnel is excavated under the surface using ground support. Another method is top-down method in which side support walls are constructed first by slurry walling method or contiguous bored piling. Then roof is located on the top of the walls and excavation is carried out.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel
A major tunnel project must start with a comprehensive investigation of ground conditions by collecting samples from boreholes and by other geophysical techniques. An informed choice can then be made of machinery and methods for excavation and ground support, which will reduce the risk of encountering unforeseen ground conditions.
http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/hrr/1970/339/339-003.pdf
TYPES AND FUNCTIONS OF TUNNEL SUPPORT SYSTEMS The basic functions of a tunnel support system are to keep the tunnel stable and to make the opening usable. The specific purposes of support systems, however, depend greatly on the purposes of the tunnel. Traditionally, tunnel supports have been classified into two groups, temporary and permanent.
https://www.britannica.com/technology/tunnel/Tunneling-techniques
The support load is greatly increased by factors weakening the rock mass, particularly blasting damage. Furthermore, if a delay in placing support allows the zone of rock loosening to propagate upward (i.e., rock falls from the tunnel roof), the rock-mass strength is reduced, and the ground arch is raised. Obviously, the loosened rock load can ...
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013795206001505
Few stability problems and very simple tunnel support design methods can be used. Tunnel support recommendations based upon rock mass classifications provide an adequate basis for design. Very simple tunneling conditions, with rockbolts and shotcrete typically used for support. B: 1 to 2.5Cited by: 30
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_construction
Top-down method: Side support walls and capping beams are constructed from ground level by such methods as slurry walling or contiguous bored piling. Then a shallow excavation allows making the tunnel roof of precast beams or in situ concrete. The surface is then reinstated except for access openings.
http://www.hudsontunnelproject.com/documents/deis/03%20Construction%20Methods%20and%20Activities.pdf
Chapter 3: Construction Methods and Activities 3.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter describes the construction methods and activities for the Hudson Tunnel Project’s Preferred Alternative. The Preferred Alternative has two overarching components: (1) the construction of a new trans-Hudson tunnel (the Hudson River Tunnel) and associated surface
https://www.britannica.com/technology/tunnel
Tunnels and underground excavations, horizontal underground passageway produced by excavation or occasionally by nature’s action in dissolving a soluble rock. Tunnels have many uses: for mining ores, for transportation—including road vehicles, trains, subways, and canals—and for …
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